Gutera no guhimba inzira
Mugukora ibyuma, gutara ni inzira aho icyuma cyamazi gitangwa mubibumbano (mubisanzwe byingirakamaro) bikubiyemo ibitekerezo bibi (ni ukuvuga ishusho mbi-yimiterere itatu) yuburyo bugenewe.Icyuma gisukwa mubibumbabumbwe binyuze mu muyoboro wuzuye witwa isoko.Icyuma nububiko noneho birakonjeshwa, hanyuma hagakuramo igice cyicyuma (casting).Gukina bikoreshwa cyane mugukora imiterere igoye yaba igoye cyangwa idasanzwe mubundi buryo.
Ibikorwa byo gukina bizwi mu myaka ibihumbi, kandi byakoreshejwe cyane mubishushanyo (cyane cyane mu muringa), imitako mu byuma by'agaciro, n'intwaro n'ibikoresho.Inganda zakozwe cyane ziboneka muri 90 ku ijana byibicuruzwa biramba, birimo imodoka, amakamyo, ikirere, gariyamoshi, ibikoresho by’ubucukuzi n’ubwubatsi, amariba ya peteroli, ibikoresho, imiyoboro, hydrants, turbine y’umuyaga, inganda za kirimbuzi, ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi, ibicuruzwa birwanaho, ibikinisho, na byinshi.
Ubuhanga gakondo burimo guta-ibishashara byatakaye (bishobora kugabanywamo ibice bya centrifugal, hamwe na vacuum bifasha gusuka mu buryo butaziguye), guteramo ibishashara no guta umucanga.
Igikorwa cya casting kigezweho kigabanyijemo ibyiciro bibiri byingenzi: amafaranga akoreshwa kandi adakoreshwa.Irashobora kandi gusenywa nibikoresho byabumbwe, nkumucanga cyangwa ibyuma, nuburyo bwo gusuka, nka gravit, vacuum, cyangwa umuvuduko muke.
Guhimba ni inzira yo gukora irimo gushushanya ibyuma ukoresheje imbaraga zo guhonyora.Gukubita bitangwa n'inyundo (akenshi inyundo y'amashanyarazi) cyangwa gupfa.Guhimba akenshi bishyirwa mubikorwa ukurikije ubushyuhe bukorerwa: guhimba imbeho (ubwoko bwubukonje bukora), guhimba ubushyuhe, cyangwa guhimba bishyushye (ubwoko bwimirimo ishyushye).Kubiri byanyuma, ibyuma birashyuha, mubisanzwe muri forge.Ibice byimpimbano birashobora gutandukanya uburemere kuva munsi yikiro kugeza kuri toni amagana ya metero.Kubeshya byakozwe nabacuzi mumyaka ibihumbi;ibicuruzwa gakondo byari ibikoresho byo mu gikoni, ibyuma, ibikoresho byamaboko, intwaro zometse, cymbali, n imitako.Kuva Impinduramatwara Yinganda, ibice byahimbwe bikoreshwa cyane muburyo bwimashini na mashini ahantu hose ikintu gisaba imbaraga nyinshi;kwibagirwa nkibi mubisanzwe bisaba gutunganywa (nko gutunganya) kugirango ugere kubice byarangiye.Muri iki gihe, guhimba ni inganda zikomeye ku isi
Gukoresha ibishushanyo mbonera ni ibyiciro rusange birimo umucanga, plastiki, igikonoshwa, pompe, hamwe nishoramari (tekinike yatakaye-ibishashara).Ubu buryo bwo gushushanya burimo gukoresha igihe gito, kidashobora gukoreshwa.
Gutera umucanga
Gutera umucanga ni bumwe mu bwoko buzwi cyane kandi bworoshye bwo gukina, kandi bwakoreshejwe mu binyejana byinshi.Gutera umucanga byemerera ibyiciro bito kuruta guhora bibumba kandi ku giciro cyiza cyane.Ntabwo ubu buryo butuma ababikora bakora ibicuruzwa ku giciro gito, ariko hari izindi nyungu zo guta umucanga, nkibikorwa bito cyane.Inzira ituma abaterankunga batoya bihagije bikwiranye nintoki zintoki zinini kugeza kuburiri bwa gari ya moshi gusa (casting imwe irashobora gukora uburiri bwose kumodoka imwe ya gari ya moshi).Gutera umucanga kandi bituma ibyuma byinshi baterwa bitewe nubwoko bwumucanga ukoreshwa kubibumbano.
Gutera umucanga bisaba umwanya wambere wiminsi, cyangwa ibyumweru rimwe na rimwe, kugirango ubyare umusaruro mwinshi (ibice 1-20 / hr-mold) kandi ntagereranywa kubyara igice kinini.Umusenyi wicyatsi (utose), wijimye wijimye, ntushobora kugabanya uburemere bwibice, mugihe umucanga wumye ufite igice kinini cyibiro 2,300-22.700 (5.100-16.000 lb).Uburemere ntarengwa buri hagati ya 0.075–0.1 kg (0.17–0.22 lb).Umucanga uhujwe ukoresheje ibumba, imashini ihuza imiti, cyangwa amavuta ya polymerize (nkamavuta ya moteri).Umucanga urashobora gukoreshwa inshuro nyinshi mubikorwa byinshi kandi bisaba kubungabungwa bike.
Kubumba
Gushushanya imitsi byakoreshejwe kugirango habeho ibintu binini bisa nkibisasu n'inzogera z'itorero.Ikibumbano ni uruvange rw'ibumba n'umucanga hamwe n'ibyatsi cyangwa amase.Icyitegererezo cyakozwe gikozwe mubintu bikaranze (chemise).Ifumbire ikozwe muri iyi chemise uyitwikiriye.Ibi noneho biratekwa (birukanwa) hanyuma chemise ikurwaho.Ifumbire noneho ihagarara neza mu mwobo imbere y’itanura kugirango icyuma gisuke.Nyuma, ifu iracika.Ibishushanyo birashobora gukoreshwa rimwe gusa, kugirango ubundi buryo bukundwe kubintu byinshi.
Amababi ya pompe
Gutera plasta bisa no guta umucanga usibye ko plaster ya paris ikoreshwa aho kuba umucanga nkibikoresho.Mubisanzwe, ifishi ifata igihe kitarenze icyumweru cyo kwitegura, nyuma yikigereranyo cyumusaruro wibice 1-10 / hr-mold bigerwaho, hamwe nibintu binini nka kg 45 (99 lb) na bito nka 30 g (1 oz) hamwe nubuso bwiza cyane kurangiza no kwihanganira hafi.Gutera plasta nubundi buryo buhendutse mubindi bikorwa byo kubumba ibice bigoye bitewe nigiciro gito cya plaster hamwe nubushobozi bwayo bwo kubyara hafi ya net casting.Ingaruka nini ni uko ishobora gukoreshwa gusa hamwe no gushonga hasi idafite ibikoresho bya fer, nka aluminium, umuringa, magnesium, na zinc.
Igiceri
Ibishishwa by'ibishishwa bisa no guta umucanga, ariko umwobo wo kubumba ukorwa na "shell" ikomeye yumucanga aho kuba flask yuzuye umucanga.Umucanga ukoreshwa ni mwiza kuruta umusenyi utera umucanga kandi ukavangwa na resin kugirango ubashe gushyukwa nicyitegererezo hanyuma ugakomera mugikonoshwa kizengurutse ishusho.Kubera ibisigara n'umucanga mwiza, bitanga ubuso bwiza cyane.Inzira irikora byoroshye kandi birasobanutse kuruta guta umucanga.Ibyuma bisanzwe bikozwemo birimo ibyuma, aluminium, magnesium, hamwe n'umuringa.Iyi nzira ni nziza kubintu bigoye bito kugeza hagati.
Gutera ishoramari
Gutera ishoramari (bizwi ko guta-ibishashara byatakaye mu buhanzi) ni inzira imaze imyaka ibarirwa mu bihumbi, inzira yatakaye-ibishashara ni bumwe mu buryo bwa kera buzwi bwo gukora ibyuma.Kuva mu myaka 5000 ishize, igihe ibishashara byashushanyaga, kugeza ibishashara byikoranabuhanga byubu, ibishashara, hamwe nudukoryo twihariye, abaterankunga bemeza ko ibice byujuje ubuziranenge byakozwe hamwe ninyungu zingenzi zukuri, gusubiramo, guhuza byinshi, no kuba inyangamugayo.
Gutera ishoramari bikura izina ryayo kuberako igishushanyo cyashowe, cyangwa kizengurutswe, hamwe nibikoresho byangiritse.Ibishashara bisaba ubwitonzi bukabije kuberako bidakomeye bihagije kugirango bihangane imbaraga zahuye nazo mugihe cyo gukora ibumba.Inyungu imwe yo gushora imari nuko ibishashara bishobora kongera gukoreshwa.
Inzira irakwiriye gusubirwamo inshuro nyinshi yibice bigize net biva mubyuma bitandukanye bitandukanye kandi bikora cyane.Nubwo muri rusange bikoreshwa mubutaka buto, ubu buryo bwakoreshejwe mugukora urugi rwindege rwuzuye rwindege, hamwe nibyuma bigera kuri 300 hamwe na aluminiyumu igera kuri 30.Ugereranije nubundi buryo bwo gukina nko gupfa cyangwa guta umucanga, birashobora kuba inzira ihenze.Nyamara, ibice bishobora kubyazwa umusaruro ukoresheje gushora imari birashobora gushiramo ibintu bigoye, kandi mubihe byinshi ibice bikozwe hafi ya net net, bityo bisaba bike cyangwa ntabikorwa bimaze gukorwa.
Guhimba birashobora kubyara igice gikomeye kuruta ibice bingana cyangwa bikozwe.Nkuko icyuma gikozwe mugihe cyo guhimba, imiterere yimbere yintete ihinduka kugirango ikurikize imiterere rusange yikigice.Nkigisubizo, itandukaniro ryimiterere rirakomeza mugice cyose, bituma habaho igice gifite imbaraga ziranga imbaraga.Ikindi kandi, kwibagirwa birashobora kugera kubiciro byose ugereranije no guta cyangwa guhimba.Urebye ibiciro byose bikoreshwa mubuzima bwibicuruzwa kuva kumasoko kugeza igihe cyo gukora, no gushingira kubiciro byasakaye, hamwe nigihe cyo gutaha nibindi bitekerezo byujuje ubuziranenge, inyungu ndende zo kubabarira zishobora kurenza amafaranga yo kuzigama mugihe gito ko gukina cyangwa guhimba bishobora gutanga.
Ibyuma bimwe bishobora guhimbwa ubukonje, ariko ibyuma nicyuma hafi ya byose bishyushye.Guhimba bishyushye birinda akazi gukomera byavamo ubukonje, byongera ingorane zo gukora ibikorwa bya kabiri byo gutunganya igice.Na none, mugihe akazi gakomeye gashobora kwifuzwa mubihe bimwe na bimwe, ubundi buryo bwo gukomera igice, nko kuvura ubushyuhe, mubisanzwe usanga bifite ubukungu kandi birashobora kugenzurwa.Amavuta meza ashobora gukomera kwimvura, nka aluminiyumu nyinshi ya aliyumu na titanium, irashobora gushyuha, hanyuma igakurikirwa.
Gukora ibicuruzwa bikubiyemo amafaranga akomeye yakoreshejwe mumashini, ibikoresho, ibikoresho n'abakozi.Kubijyanye no guhimba bishyushye, itanura ryubushyuhe bwo hejuru (rimwe na rimwe ryitwa forge) rirasabwa gushyushya ingoti cyangwa bilet.Bitewe n'ubunini bw'inyundo nini nini zo guhimba hamwe n'ibice bishobora kubyara, kimwe n'akaga katewe no gukorana n'ibyuma bishyushye, hasabwa inyubako idasanzwe kugira ngo ikore icyo gikorwa.Mugihe cyibikorwa byo guhimba ibitonyanga, hagomba gushyirwaho ingamba zo gukuramo ihungabana no kunyeganyega byatewe ninyundo.Ibikorwa byinshi byo guhimba bifashisha ibyuma-bipfa gupfa, bigomba kuba byakozwe neza kandi bigashyirwa mubikorwa ubushyuhe kugirango bikore neza igihangano, kimwe no guhangana nimbaraga nini zirimo.
Gutera ibice hamwe
Uburyo bwo gutunganya CNC
GGG40
Ibice byo gutunganya CNC
GS52
ibice
Imashini 35CrMo
ibice byo guhimba
