Ibice by'ibyuma bya Carbone Ibiranga Ishusho

Ibice by'icyuma

Ibisobanuro bigufi:

Ijambo ibyuma bya karubone birashobora kandi gukoreshwa mubijyanye nicyuma kitari ibyuma;muri uku gukoresha ibyuma bya karubone birashobora gushiramo ibyuma bivanze.Ibyuma byinshi bya karubone bifite imikoreshereze myinshi itandukanye nkimashini zisya, ibikoresho byo gukata (nka chisels) hamwe ninsinga zikomeye.

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Ibicuruzwa birambuye

Ibicuruzwa

Kwinjiza ibice bya Carbone

Ibyuma bya karubone nicyuma kirimo karubone kuva 0.05 kugeza 3,8 ku ijana kuburemere.Igisobanuro cyibyuma bya karubone biva mu kigo cy’abanyamerika n’icyuma (AISI) kivuga:
1. nta bintu byibuze bisobanuwe cyangwa bisabwa kuri chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nikel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, cyangwa ikindi kintu icyo ari cyo cyose cyakongerwaho kugirango kibone ingaruka zifatika;
2. byibuze byagenwe kumuringa ntibirenza 0,40 ku ijana;
3. cyangwa ibintu byinshi byavuzwe kuri kimwe mubintu bikurikira ntibirenza ijanisha ryavuzwe: manganese 1,65 ku ijana;silicon 0,60 ku ijana;umuringa 0,60 ku ijana.
Ijambo ibyuma bya karubone birashobora kandi gukoreshwa mubijyanye nicyuma kitari ibyuma;muri uku gukoresha ibyuma bya karubone birashobora gushiramo ibyuma bivanze.Ibyuma byinshi bya karubone bifite imikoreshereze myinshi itandukanye nkimashini zisya, ibikoresho byo gukata (nka chisels) hamwe ninsinga zikomeye.Izi porogaramu zisaba microstructure nziza cyane, itezimbere ubukana.

Gushyushya ibikoresho bya Carbone

Mugihe ibipimo bya karubone bizamuka, ibyuma bifite ubushobozi bwo gukomera no gukomera binyuze mu kuvura ubushyuhe;icyakora, ihinduka bike.Hatitawe ku kuvura ubushyuhe, ibintu byinshi bya karubone bigabanya gusudira.Mu byuma bya karubone, karubone nyinshi igabanya aho gushonga.

Intego yubushyuhe bwo kuvura ibyuma bya karubone nuguhindura imiterere yubukorikori bwibyuma, mubisanzwe guhindagurika, gukomera, gutanga umusaruro, cyangwa kurwanya ingaruka.Menya ko amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi byahinduwe gusa.Nka hamwe nubuhanga bukomeye bwibyuma, Modulus yumusore (elastique) ntacyo itwaye.Ubuvuzi bwose bwubucuruzi bwibyuma kugirango byongere imbaraga nibindi.Icyuma gifite imbaraga zo hejuru ya karubone mugice cya austenite;kubwibyo byose bivura ubushyuhe, usibye spheroidizing hamwe na annealing, tangira ushyushya ibyuma kubushyuhe icyiciro cya austenitis gishobora kubaho.Icyuma noneho kizimya (ubushyuhe bwakuweho) ku gipimo giciriritse kandi gito cyemerera karubone gukwirakwira muri austenite ikora fer-karbide (cementite) hanyuma igasiga ferrite, cyangwa ku kigero cyo hejuru, ifata karubone mu cyuma bityo igakora martensite .Igipimo icyuma gikonjeshwa binyuze mu bushyuhe bwa eutectoide (hafi 727 ° C) bigira ingaruka ku kigero cya karubone itandukana na austenite ikora sima.Muri rusange, gukonjesha byihuse bizasiga karbide yicyuma ikwirakwijwe neza kandi bitange isaro nziza nziza kandi gukonjesha buhoro bizatanga pearlite.Gukonjesha ibyuma bya hypoeutectoid (munsi ya 0,77 wt% C) bivamo lamellar-pearlitike yuburyo bwa karbide yicyuma hamwe na α-ferrite (hafi yicyuma cyera) hagati.Niba ari ibyuma bya hypereutectoid (birenga 0,77 wt% C) noneho imiterere ni pearlite yuzuye hamwe nintete nto (nini kuruta pearlite lamella) ya simaite ikorwa kumupaka wingano.Icyuma cya eutectoid (karubone 0,77%) izaba ifite imiterere ya pearlite mubinyampeke idafite simaite kumupaka.Umubare ugereranije wibigize uboneka ukoresheje itegeko rya lever.Ibikurikira nurutonde rwubwoko bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bushoboka.

Ibice byibyuma bya karubone Ibice byibyuma

Amashanyarazi avanze nicyuma kivanze nibintu bitandukanye muburyo bwuzuye hagati ya 1.0% na 50% kuburemere kugirango bitezimbere imiterere yubukanishi.Amashanyarazi avanze yacitsemo ibice bibiri: ibyuma bito bito hamwe nicyuma kinini.Itandukaniro riri hagati yombi ntirivugwaho rumwe.Smith na Hashemi basobanura itandukaniro kuri 4.0%, mugihe Degarmo, nabandi, babisobanura kuri 8.0%.Mubisanzwe, imvugo "ibyuma bivangavanze" bivuga ibyuma bito-bivanze.

Mu magambo make, ibyuma byose ni ibivange, ariko ntabwo ibyuma byose byitwa "ibyuma bivanze".Ibyuma byoroshye ni ibyuma (Fe) bivanze na karubone (C) (hafi 0.1% kugeza 1%, bitewe n'ubwoko).Nyamara, ijambo "ibyuma bivanga ibyuma" nijambo risanzwe ryerekeza ku byuma hamwe nibindi bintu bivanga byongeweho nkana hiyongereyeho karubone.Imiti isanzwe irimo manganese (imwe ikunze kugaragara), nikel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, na boron.Amavuta adasanzwe akoreshwa harimo aluminium, cobalt, umuringa, cerium, niobium, titanium, tungsten, amabati, zinc, gurş, na zirconium.

Ibikurikira nuburyo butandukanye bwimitunganyirize yibyuma (ugereranije nicyuma cya karubone): imbaraga, ubukana, gukomera, kurwanya kwambara, kurwanya ruswa, gukomera, no gukomera.Kugirango ugere kuri bimwe mubintu byateye imbere icyuma gishobora gusaba kuvura ubushyuhe.

Bimwe muribi usanga bikoreshwa muburyo budasanzwe kandi busabwa cyane, nko muri turbine blade ya moteri yindege, no mubyuma bya kirimbuzi.Kubera imiterere ya ferromagnetic yicyuma, ibyuma bimwe na bimwe bivanga ibyuma bisanga ibyingenzi aho ibisubizo byabo kuri magnetism ari ngombwa cyane, harimo na moteri yamashanyarazi no muri transformateur.

Gushyushya ubushyuhe ku bice by'icyuma

Spheroidizing
Spheroidite ikora iyo ibyuma bya karubone bishyushye bigera kuri 700 ° C mumasaha arenga 30.Spheroidite irashobora gukora mubushyuhe buke ariko umwanya ukenewe uriyongera cyane, kuko iyi ni inzira igenzurwa no gukwirakwizwa.Igisubizo ni imiterere yinkoni cyangwa sima ya simaite muburyo bwibanze (ferrite cyangwa pearlite, ukurikije uruhande rwa eutectoid urimo).Ikigamijwe ni ukworoshya ibyuma bya karubone kandi bikemerera guhinduka.Ubu ni bwo buryo bworoshye kandi bworoshye cyane bw'ibyuma.

Umugereka wuzuye
Ibyuma bya karubone bishyushya hafi 40 ° C hejuru ya Ac3 cyangwa Acm kumasaha 1;ibi byemeza ko ferrite yose ihinduka austenite (nubwo cementite ishobora kubaho niba ibirimo karubone birenze eutectoide).Icyuma kigomba gukonjeshwa buhoro, mubice 20 ° C (36 ° F) kumasaha.Mubisanzwe ni itanura rikonje gusa, aho itanura rizimya hamwe nicyuma kikiri imbere.Ibi bivamo imiterere ya pearlitike yuzuye, bivuze ko "bande" ya pearlite ari ndende.Ibyuma bifatanye neza biroroshye kandi biranyeganyega, nta guhangayika imbere, akenshi biba bikenewe muburyo bwo gukora neza.Gusa ibyuma bya spheroidized byoroshye kandi byoroshye.

Inzira ya annealing
Inzira ikoreshwa mu kugabanya imihangayiko mucyuma gikonjesha gikonje gikonje gifite munsi ya 0.3% C. Ubusanzwe ibyuma bishyuha kugeza kuri 550-650 ° C kumasaha 1, ariko rimwe na rimwe ubushyuhe bugera kuri 700 ° C.Ishusho iburyo [ibisobanuro bikenewe] yerekana agace kibera annealing.

Isothermal annealing
Nuburyo ibyuma bya hypoeutectoid bishyushya hejuru yubushyuhe bwo hejuru.Ubu bushyuhe bugumaho igihe runaka hanyuma bukagabanuka munsi yubushyuhe bwo hasi kandi bwongeye kubungabungwa.Hanyuma irakonja kugeza ubushyuhe bwicyumba.Ubu buryo bukuraho ubushyuhe buri hejuru.

Kubisanzwe
Ibyuma bya karubone bishyushya hafi 55 ° C hejuru ya Ac3 cyangwa Acm kumasaha 1;ibi byemeza ko ibyuma bihinduka rwose kuri austenite.Icyuma noneho gikonjeshwa ikirere, ni igipimo cyo gukonja kingana na 38 ° C (100 ° F) kumunota.Ibisubizo muburyo bwiza bwa pearlitike, hamwe nuburyo bumwe.Ibyuma bisanzwe bifite imbaraga zisumba ibyuma bifatanye;ifite imbaraga zingana kandi zikomeye.

Kuzimya
Ibyuma bya karubone byibuze 0.4 wt% C birashyuha kugirango ubushyuhe busanzwe hanyuma bikonje vuba (kuzimya) mumazi, brine, cyangwa amavuta kubushyuhe bukabije.Ubushyuhe bukomeye buterwa nibirimo karubone, ariko nkibisanzwe bisanzwe biri hasi uko karubone yiyongera.Ibi bivamo imiterere ya martensitike;uburyo bwibyuma bifite karubone yuzuye cyane ya karubone muburyo bwimiterere ya cubic (BCC) imiterere ya kristaline, bita neza tetragonal (BCT), hamwe nibibazo byinshi byimbere.Rero ibyuma bizimye birakomeye cyane ariko biravunika, mubisanzwe byoroshye cyane kubikorwa bifatika.Izi mpagarara zimbere zishobora gutera impungenge hejuru.Ibyuma bizimye bikubye inshuro eshatu (bine hamwe na karubone nyinshi) kuruta ibyuma bisanzwe.

Kwiyamamaza (marquenching)
Martempering mubyukuri ntabwo ari uburyo bwo gutuza, niyo mpamvu ijambo marquenching.Nuburyo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwa isothermal bukoreshwa nyuma yo kuzimya bwa mbere, mubisanzwe mubwogero bwumunyu ushonga, mubushyuhe buri hejuru yubushyuhe bwa "martensite".Kuri ubu bushyuhe, imihangayiko isigaye mubikoresho iraruhuka kandi bainite irashobora gushingwa kuva austenite yagumanye idafite umwanya wo guhinduka mubindi.Mu nganda, iyi ni inzira ikoreshwa mugucunga guhindagurika no gukomera kwibintu.Hamwe no kumara igihe kirekire, guhindagurika byiyongera hamwe no gutakaza imbaraga nke;ibyuma bifatwa muri iki gisubizo kugeza ubushyuhe bwimbere ninyuma bwigice bingana.Noneho ibyuma bikonjeshwa kumuvuduko uringaniye kugirango ubushyuhe bugabanuke.Ntabwo gusa iyi nzira igabanya imihangayiko yimbere hamwe no gucika intege, ahubwo binongera ingaruka zo guhangana ningaruka.

Ubushyuhe
Ubu ni bwo buryo bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bukunze kugaragara, kubera ko ibintu byanyuma bishobora kugenwa neza nubushyuhe nigihe cyubushyuhe.Ubushyuhe burimo gushyushya ibyuma byazimye kugeza ku bushyuhe buri munsi yubushyuhe bwa eutectoid hanyuma gukonja.Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru butuma spheroidite nkeya iba mike, igarura ihindagurika, ariko igabanya ubukana.Ubushyuhe nyabwo nibihe byatoranijwe neza kuri buri kintu.

Kwiga
Inzira yo kwikuramo ni kimwe no guceceka, usibye kuzimya guhagarikwa kandi ibyuma bigashyirwa mu bwogero bwumunyu ushonga ku bushyuhe buri hagati ya 205 ° C na 540 ° C, hanyuma bikonjeshwa ku kigero giciriritse.Ibyuma bivamo, byitwa bainite, bitanga microstructure ya acicular mubyuma bifite imbaraga nyinshi (ariko bitarenze martensite), guhindagurika kwinshi, kurwanya ingaruka zikomeye, no kugoreka gake ugereranije nicyuma cya martensite.Ingaruka zo gukabya ni zo zishobora gukoreshwa ku byuma bike, kandi bisaba kwiyuhagira umunyu udasanzwe.